TraumaCRT.pdf

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This is the article, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21533687261466273, Duhaney, P., & Williams, K. (2026). A Trauma and Violence-Informed Impact of Race and Culture Assessment (IRCA) Model: A Critical Race Theory Framework. Race and Justice
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Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue
Comas-Díaz, L.; Hall, G. N.; Neville, H. A.; Kazak, A. E.; Neville, H. A. (2019)
The American Psychologist
DOI: 10.1037/amp0000442
Raw: Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., Neville, H. A., Kazak, A. E., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. The American Psychologist, 74(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442
Match: Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Lillian Comas-Díaz; Gordon Nagayama Hall; Helen A. Neville
Venue: American Psychologist
DOI: 10.1037/amp0000442

ISBN:

URL:
The cited work corresponds to the article identified by DOI 10.1037/amp0000442, but the author list is fabricated, including an incorrect co-author (Kazak, A. E.) and a duplicate entry for Neville, H. A. The official authors are Lillian Comas-Díaz, Gordon Nagayama Hall, and Helen A. Neville.
Minor Error
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Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to Canada
United Nations, Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent (2019)
United Nations
Raw: United Nations, Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. (2019, August 2). Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to Canada. United Nations. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3826997?ln=en&v=pdf
Match: Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to Canada
Authors: Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent
Venue: United Nations (A/HRC/36/60/Add.1)
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1304262
The cited document is a real UN report, but the publication year provided (2019) is incorrect (the report was published in 2017). The provided URL (record 3826997) does not point to this report; the correct UN Digital Library record is 1304262.
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The Gladue approach: Addressing Indigenous overincarceration through sentencing reform
Akbari, N. C. (2023)
New York University Law Review
Raw: Akbari, N. C. (2023). The Gladue approach: Addressing Indigenous overincarceration through sentencing reform. New York University Law Review, 98(1), 198-238. https://nyulawreview.org/
Match: The Gladue Approach: Addressing Indigenous Overincarceration through Sentencing Reform
Authors: N. C. Akbari
Venue: New York University Law Review
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-98-number-1/the-gladue-approach-addressing-indigenous-overincarceration-through-sentencing-reform/
Verified via NYU Law Review official website (Volume 98, Issue 1).
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Analysis: Considering social context evidence in the sentencing of Black Canadian offenders
Anderson, A. (2023)
Manitoba Law Journal
DOI: 10.29173/mlj1355
Raw: Anderson, A. (2023). Analysis: Considering social context evidence in the sentencing of Black Canadian offenders. Manitoba Law Journal, 45(6), 152-171. https://doi.org/10.29173/mlj1355
Match: Analysis: Considering Social Context Evidence in the Sentencing of Black Canadian Offenders
Authors: Andrea Anderson
Venue: Manitoba Law Journal
DOI: 10.29173/mlj1355

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.29173/mlj1355
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Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma
Bell, D. A. (1980)
Harvard Law Review
DOI: 10.2307/1340546
Raw: Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518-533. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340546
Match: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma
Authors: Derrick A. Bell
Venue: Harvard Law Review
DOI: 10.2307/1340546

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/1340546
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Anti-Black racism
Black Health Alliance (2024)
Raw: Black Health Alliance. (2024). Anti-Black racism. https://blackhealthalliance.ca/home/antiblack-racism/
Match: Anti-Black racism
Authors: Black Health Alliance
Venue: Black Health Alliance
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://blackhealthalliance.ca/home/antiblack-racism/
The webpage confirms the cited title and organization are consistent and active.
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African Nova Scotian Justice Institute to continue ‘invisible’ legal work with renewed funding
Byard, M. (2023)
Halifax Examiner
Raw: Byard, M. (2023, February 7). African Nova Scotian Justice Institute to continue ‘invisible’ legal work with renewed funding. Halifax Examiner. https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/black-nova-scotia/african-nova-scotian-justice-institute-to-continue-invisible-legal-work-with-renewed-funding/
Match: African Nova Scotian Justice Institute to continue ‘invisible’ legal work with renewed funding
Authors: Matthew Byard
Venue: Halifax Examiner
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation provides the correct title, author (abbreviated), venue, and date. The verification report confirms all details are accurate.
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Measuring and assessing the impact of race and culture assessments in sentencing
Bystrzycki, A. R. (2022)
Raw: Bystrzycki, A. R. (2022). Measuring and assessing the impact of race and culture assessments in sentencing [Master of Laws, Dalhousie University]. https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/81936/AlexiaBystrzycki2022.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Match: Measuring and Assessing the Impact of Race and Culture Assessments in Sentencing
Authors: Alexia R. Bystrzycki
Venue: Dalhousie University
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/llm_theses/75/
The cited thesis was successfully identified. The minor URL variation between the user's provided DalSpace/bitstream link and the landing page found in search is considered acceptable as it points to the same underlying document.
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Complex racial trauma: Evidence, theory, assessment, and treatment
Cénat, J.M. (2023)
Perspectives on Psychological Science
DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120428
Raw: Cénat, J.M. (2023).Complex racialtrauma: Evidence,theory, assessment, andtreatment.Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(3), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221120428
Match: Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
Authors: Jude Mary Cénat
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120428

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221120428
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Risk assessment tools on trial: AI systems go?
Chugh, N. (2022)
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS52410.2021.9629143
Raw: Chugh, N. (2022). Risk assessment tools on trial: AI systems go? IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 41(3), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS52410.2021.9629143
Match: Risk assessment tools on trial: Lessons learned for “Ethical AI” in the criminal justice system
Authors: Neha Chugh
Venue: 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)
DOI: 10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629143

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629143
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Impact of race and culture assessments (IRCAs)
Courthouse Libraries BC (2024)
Raw: Courthouse Libraries BC. (2024). Impact of race and culture assessments (IRCAs). https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/how-we-can-help/our-legal-knowledge-base/impact-race-and-cultureassessments-ircas
Match: Impact of race and culture assessments (IRCAs)
Authors: Courthouse Libraries BC
Venue: Courthouse Libraries BC
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/how-we-can-help/our-legal-knowledge-base/impact-race-and-culture-assessments-ircas
The citation provided a URL with a minor typographical error in the slug (missing a hyphen). The work is clearly identified. Cited URL is unreachable (https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/how-we-can-help/our-legal-knowledge-base/impact-race-and-cultureassessments-ircas); the work may still be identifiable from other metadata — minor_error. Edit: This is due to PDF parsing. So can visually see the hyphen in the PDF, but the underlying text in the PDF does not have the hyphen.
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Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color
Crenshaw, K. (1991)
Stanford Law Review
DOI: 10.2307/1229039
Raw: Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Match: Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Authors: Kimberle Crenshaw
Venue: Stanford Law Review
DOI: 10.2307/1229039

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
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Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 718.2(e)
None
Raw: Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 718.2(e).
Match: Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 718.2(e)
Authors:
Venue: Revised Statutes of Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation is a standard and accurate reference to a specific section of the Canadian Criminal Code.
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Critical race theory: An introduction
Delgado, R.; Stefancic, J. (2017)
New York University Press
ISBN: 978-1-479-85139-3
Raw: Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479851393.001.0001
Match: Critical Race Theory: An Introduction
Authors: Richard Delgado; Jean Stefancic
Venue: New York University Press
DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479851393.001.0001

ISBN: 978-1-479-85139-3

URL:
The 3rd edition of this book is confirmed to be published by NYU Press in 2017, and the provided DOI corresponds to this work.
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Indigenous youth roundtables: Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s criminal justice system
Department of Justice Canada (2021)
Raw: Department of Justice Canada. (2021, July 7). Indigenous youth roundtables: Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s criminal justice system. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/tools-outils/iyr-trja.html
Match: Indigenous Youth Roundtables: Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System
Authors: Department of Justice Canada
Venue: Department of Justice Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/yj-jj/tools-outils/iyr-trja.html
The citation date of 2021-07-07 aligns with the government webpage content; minor date variations for government web pages are considered verified.
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Supporting impact of race and culture assessments
Department of Justice Canada (2024)
Raw: Department of Justice Canada. (2024, March 15). Supporting impact of race and culture assessments. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fund-fina/gov-gouv/aid-aide/supporting-soutien.html
Match: Supporting Impact of Race and Culture Assessments
Authors: Department of Justice Canada
Venue: Department of Justice Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fund-fina/gov-gouv/aid-aide/supporting-soutien.html
The citation date of March 15, 2024 matches the found record exactly.
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Cultural assessments alone will not improve Nova Scotia justice, says social worker
Donovan, M. (2016)
CBC
Raw: Donovan, M. (2016, May 26). Cultural assessments alone will not improve Nova Scotia justice, says social worker. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/cultural-assessments-social-worker-1.3601904
Match: Cultural assessments alone will not improve Nova Scotia justice, says social worker
Authors: Moira Donovan
Venue: CBC News
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Addressing anti-Black racism in sentencing: A critical comparison of R v Anderson, and R v Morris
Dugas, M. (2024)
The Canadian Bar Review
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4755660
Raw: Dugas, M. (2024). Addressing anti-Black racism in sentencing: A critical comparison of R v Anderson, and R v Morris. The Canadian Bar Review, 102(3), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4755660
Match: Addressing anti-Black Racism in Sentencing: A Critical Comparison of R v Anderson, and R v Morris
Authors: Maria Dugas
Venue: SSRN Electronic Journal
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4755660

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4755660
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Committing to justice: The case for impact of race and culture assessments in sentencing African Canadian offenders
Dugas, M. C. (2020)
Dalhousie Law Journal
Raw: Dugas, M. C. (2020). Committing to justice: The case for impact of race and culture assessments in sentencing African Canadian offenders. Dalhousie Law Journal, 43(1), 103-158. https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4266305
Match: Committing to Justice: The Case for Impact of Race and Cultural Assessments in Sentencing Black Offenders
Authors: Maria C. Dugas
Venue: Dalhousie Law Journal
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation correctly identifies the journal, volume, issue, year, and pages of the real article, but provides a slightly modified title and an incorrect/mismatched SSRN URL for the 2020 publication. Edit: URL space is due to line break, and the article title is African Canadian offenders in SSRN and law review article
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Impact of race and culture assessments (IRCAs) in combatting anti-Black racism and reducing recidivism
Eizadirad, A.; Leslie, G. (2024)
Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being
DOI: 10.35502/jcswb.361
Raw: Eizadirad, A., & Leslie, G. (2024). Impact of race and culture assessments (IRCAs) in combatting anti-Black racism and reducing recidivism. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 9(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.361
Match: Impact of Race and Culture Assessments (IRCAs) in combatting anti-Black racism and reducing recidivism
Authors: Ardavan Eizadirad; Gregory Leslie
Venue: Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being
DOI: 10.35502/jcswb.361

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.361
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Reconstructing Gladue
Ewing, B.; Kerr, L. (2024)
University of Toronto Law Journal
DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0017
Raw: Ewing, B., & Kerr, L. (2024). Reconstructing Gladue. University of Toronto Law Journal, 74(2), 156-197. https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0017
Match: Reconstructing Gladue
Authors: Benjamin Ewing; Lisa Kerr
Venue: University of Toronto Law Journal
DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0017

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0017
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Nova Scotia Court of Appeal rules to consider history of racism, marginalization in cases
Fine, S. (2021)
The Globe and Mail
Raw: Fine, S. (2021, August 23). Nova Scotia Court of Appeal rules to consider history of racism, marginalization in cases. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-nova-scotia-court-of-appeal-rules-to-consider-history-of-racism/
Match: Nova Scotia Court of Appeal rules to consider history of racism, marginalization in cases
Authors: Sean Fine
Venue: The Globe and Mail
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
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Walking a mile in their shoes before judging: Optimizing judicial empathy in the criminal sentencing of Black Americans with “impact of race and culture assessments”
Gomez, K. (2022)
University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review
Raw: Gomez, K. (2022). Walking a mile in their shoes before judging: Optimizing judicial empathy in the criminal sentencing of Black Americans with “impact of race and culture assessments”. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, 91(1), 171-192. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/umkc91&div=8&id=&page
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The impact of anti-Black racism on the sentencing of “Black offenders” in Canada: What is the correct approach?
Gorman, W. K. (2022)
Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association
Raw: Gorman, W. K. (2022). The impact of anti-Black racism on the sentencing of “Black offenders” in Canada: What is the correct approach? Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, 58, 42-47. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview
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I was able to find this at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/788/
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Morris: A modest step forward and a call to action
Jones, D. S. (2022)
Criminal Reports
Raw: Jones, D. S. (2022). Morris: A modest step forward and a call to action. Criminal Reports, 75 CR (7th)(29). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4047389
Match: Morris: A modest step forward and a call to action
Authors: Danardo S. Jones
Venue: Criminal Reports (7th Series)
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
Citation coordinates (2022) 75 CR (7th) 29 verified as accurate.
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Paradoxical race visibility in Canadian sentencing law
Jones, D. S. (2024)
The Canadian Bar Review
Raw: Jones, D. S. (2024). Paradoxical race visibility in Canadian sentencing law. The Canadian Bar Review, 102(2), 419-456. https://cbr.cba.org/index.php/cbr/article/view/4940/4576
Match: Paradoxical Race Visibility in Canadian Sentencing Law
Authors: Danardo S. Jones
Venue: Canadian Bar Review
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URL:
Article verified in The Canadian Bar Review, Vol. 102, No. 2, 2024, pages 419-456.
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Humanity, race, and indigeneity in criminal sentencing: Social change in America, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand
Jouet, M. (2023)
New York University Review of Law & Social Change
Raw: Jouet, M. (2023). Humanity, race, and indigeneity in criminal sentencing: Social change in America, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. New York University Review of Law & Social Change, 48(2), 188-271. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4562748
Match: Humanity, Race, and Indigeneity in Criminal Sentencing: Social Change in America, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand
Authors: Mugambi Jouet
Venue: SSRN Electronic Journal
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4562748

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4562748
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Canada’s crown counsel: Ministers of justice and public advocates under Boucher and the Charter
Joyal, L. (2022)
Crown’s Newsletter
Raw: Joyal, L. (2022). Canada’s crown counsel: Ministers of justice and public advocates under Boucher and the Charter. Crown’s Newsletter, 12, 12-21. http://ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/login?url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/crwnslt12&i=13
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I was able to find this, a better URL is https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/crwnslt12&div=4&id=&page=
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Critical race theory: What it is not!
Ladson-Billings, G. (2021)
Routledge
Raw: Ladson-Billings, G. (2021). Critical race theory: What it is not! In M. Lynn & A. D. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (2nd ed., pp. 32-43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351032223-5
Match: Critical Race Theory—What It Is Not!
Authors: Gloria Ladson-Billings
Venue: Foundations of Critical Race Theory in Education
DOI: 10.4324/b23210-41

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.4324/b23210-41
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Mapping the landscape of trauma-informed care in social work: A critical scoping review
Leotti, S. M.; Wahab, S. (2024)
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
Raw: Leotti, S. M., & Wahab, S. (2024). Mapping the landscape of trauma-informed care in social work: A critical scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 26(4), 651-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241286810
Match: Mapping the Landscape of Trauma-Informed Care in Social Work: A Critical Scoping Review
Authors: Sandra M. Leotti; Stéphanie Wahab
Venue: Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
DOI: 10.1177/15248380241286810

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241286810
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Lessons from Canadian judgments: The consideration of culture in intimate partner violence legal cases involving Asian Canadians
Liu, K. J.; Cook, A. N.; Jiang, R. (2023)
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
Raw: Liu, K. J., Cook, A. N., & Jiang, R. (2023). Lessons from Canadian judgments: The consideration of culture in intimate partner violence legal cases involving Asian Canadians. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(19-20), 11046-11066. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231178494
Match: Lessons From Canadian Judgments: The Consideration of Culture in Intimate Partner Violence Legal Cases Involving Asian Canadians
Authors: Kyara J. Liu; Alana N. Cook; Ruijie Jiang
Venue: Journal of Interpersonal Violence
DOI: 10.1177/08862605231178494

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231178494
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A starting point
Luba, M. (2023)
University of Toronto
Raw: Luba, M. (2023). A starting point [Master of Laws, University of Toronto]. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/130383
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Authors:
Venue:
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/130383
The provided handle was checked and yielded no results for the cited thesis. Independent searches for the author and title combination within the University of Toronto repository yielded no evidence of the document's existence.
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The legal response to women co-offenders: Recognizing intimate partner violence and coercive control in violent co-offending cases involving women and their intimate partners
MacLellan-Muise, A. S. (2023)
Dalhousie University
Raw: MacLellan-Muise, A. S. (2023). The legal response to women co-offenders: Recognizing intimate partner violence and coercive control in violent co-offending cases involving women and their intimate partners [Doctoral dissertation, Dalhousie University]. https://DalSpace.library.dal.ca//handle/10222/82679
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Authors: Angelina Sarah MacLellan-Muise
Venue: Dalhousie University
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ISBN:

URL: https://DalSpace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/82679
The URL provided in the citation, while slightly malformed in the original input (double slash), is clearly pointing to the DalSpace handle. The record confirms the work exists.
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Tenets of critical race theory
Magdaleno, K. R. (2021)
Journal for Leadership, Equity, and Research
Raw: Magdaleno, K. R. (2021). Tenets of critical race theory. Journal for Leadership, Equity, and Research, 7(3), 1-5. https://journals.sfu.ca/cvj/index.php/cvj/article/view/161
Match: Preface: Tenets of Critical Race Theory
Authors: Ken Magdaleno
Venue: Journal of Leadership, Equity, and Research
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The citation correctly identifies the journal, volume, issue, and year. The title omission of 'Preface:' is treated as a minor, acceptable simplification.
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Problematizing trauma as white property: Introducing the critical trauma, anti-Black racism, and whiteness (CAW) theoretical framework
Mayor, C. (2023)
Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research
Raw: Mayor, C. (2023). Problematizing trauma as white property: Introducing the critical trauma, anti-Black racism, and whiteness (CAW) theoretical framework. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, 11(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.48336/IJXBNK9318
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Authors: Mayor, C.
Venue: Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Policy, and Practice
DOI: 10.48336/IJXBNK9318

ISBN:

URL: https://intersectionalities.mun.ca/index.php/IJ/article/view/2554
The citation omits 'Policy, and Practice' from the journal title, which is considered a minor discrepancy.
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Critical race theory: A transformational model for teaching diversity
Ortiz, L.; Jani, J. (2010)
Journal of Social Work Education
Raw: Ortiz, L., & Jani, J. (2010). Critical race theory: A transformational model for teaching diversity. Journal of Social Work Education, 46(2), 175-193. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2010.200900070
Match: CRITICAL RACE THEORY: A TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL FOR TEACHING DIVERSITY
Authors: Larry Ortiz; Jayshree Jani
Venue: Journal of Social Work Education
DOI: 10.5175/jswe.2010.200900070

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.5175/jswe.2010.200900070
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Anti-Black racism in Canada
Oyeniran, C. (2022)
The Canadian Encyclopedia
Raw: Oyeniran, C. (2022). Anti-Black racism in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anti-black-racism-in-canada
Match: Anti-Black racism in Canada
Authors: Channon Oyeniran
Venue: The Canadian Encyclopedia
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ISBN:

URL: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anti-black-racism-in-canada
Verified via The Canadian Encyclopedia.
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Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Paradies, Y.; Ben, J.; Denson, N.; Elias, A.; Priest, N.; Pieterse, A.; Gupta, A.; Kelaher, M.; Gee, G. (2015)
PLoS ONE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
Raw: Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(9), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
Match: Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yin Paradies; Jehonathan Ben; Nida Denson; Amanuel Elias; Naomi Priest; Alex Pieterse; Arpana Gupta; Margaret Kelaher; Gilbert Gee
Venue: PLOS ONE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
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Edited
Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice
Public Health Agency of Canada (2018)
Government of Canada
Raw: Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018). Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html
Match: Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice
Authors: Public Health Agency of Canada
Venue: Public Health Agency of Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html
The cited URL is live and points to the document identified.
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Edited
Sentencing members of minority groups: Problems and prospects for improvement in four countries
Roberts, J. V.; Watson, G.; Hester, R. (2023)
Crime and Justice
DOI: 10.1086/725721
Raw: Roberts, J. V., Watson, G., & Hester, R. (2023). Sentencing members of minority groups: Problems and prospects for improvement in four countries. Crime and Justice, 52(1), 343-393. https://doi.org/10.1086/725721
Match: Sentencing Members of Minority Groups: Problems and Prospects for Improvement in Four Countries
Authors: Julian V. Roberts; Gabrielle Watson; Rhys Hester
Venue: Crime and Justice
DOI: 10.1086/725721

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1086/725721
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Edited
R. v. Anderson
None (2021)
NSCA
Raw: R. v. Anderson, 2021 NSCA 62.
Match: R. v. Anderson, 2021 NSCA 62
Authors:
Venue: Nova Scotia Court of Appeal
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
Verified as a valid and accurate neutral citation for a Nova Scotia Court of Appeal decision.
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Edited
R. v. Gladue
None (1999)
SCR
Raw: R. v. Gladue, [1999] 1 SCR 688.
Match: R. v. Gladue
Authors:
Venue: [1999] 1 SCR 688
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation is a standard and correct reference for this Supreme Court of Canada decision.
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Edited
R. v. Ipeelee
None (2012)
SCC
Raw: R. v. Ipeelee, 2012 SCC 13.
Match: R. v. Ipeelee
Authors:
Venue: Supreme Court of Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation 'R. v. Ipeelee, 2012 SCC 13' is a standard and correct neutral citation for the referenced Supreme Court of Canada decision.
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Edited
R. v. Morris
None (2021)
ONCA
Raw: R. v. Morris, 2021 ONCA 680.
Match: R. v. Morris
Authors:
Venue: Ontario Court of Appeal (2021 ONCA 680)
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The citation is accurate. The metadata misclassification as a law review article is ignored per instructions.
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Edited
Black people in criminal courts in Canada: An exploration using the relative rate index
Saghbini, C.; Paquin-Marseille, L. (2023)
Department of Justice Canada
Raw: Saghbini, C., & Paquin-Marseille, L. (2023). Black people in criminal courts in Canada: An exploration using the relative rate index. Department of Justice Canada. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/rrbb-bbrr/pdf/RSD2023_Report-Black-EN.pdf
Match: Black people in criminal courts in Canada: An exploration using the relative rate index
Authors: Charbel Saghbini; Lysiane Paquin-Marseille
Venue: Department of Justice Canada
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
Verified against official Department of Justice Canada documentation.
Verified
Edited
Captive minds in expulsion: Carcerality in the (mis)education of young Black males
Sibblis, C. (2023)
Raw: Sibblis, C. (2023). Captive minds in expulsion: Carcerality in the (mis)education of young Black males [Doctoral dissertation, York University]. https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/359fe2c4-d5d1-463f-a2dc-be05042c9f93/content
Match: Captive Minds in Expulsion: Carcerality in the (Mis)Education of Young Black Males
Authors: Sibblis, C.
Venue: York University (Institutional Repository)
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/items/2e93f6fd-b7b0-4a25-b077-0784bfca15e2
The citation is verified as the work exists at the institutional repository with matching metadata.
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Edited
N.S. top court decision marks historic shift for sentencing offenders of African descent
Snan, N. (2021)
PNI Atlantic News
Raw: Snan, N. (2021, August 24). N.S. top court decision marks historic shift for sentencing offenders of African descent. PNI Atlantic News. https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/ns-top-court-decision-marks-historic-shift-for-sentencing-offenders-of-african-descent-100626921/
Match: N.S. top court decision marks historic shift for sentencing offenders of African descent
Authors: Nihal Snan
Venue: SaltWire
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/ns-top-court-decision-marks-historic-shift-for-sentencing-offenders-of-african-descent-100626921/
The citation correctly identifies the news report covering the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal decision in R. v. Anderson (2021 NSCA 62).
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Edited
Practical guide for implementing a trauma-informed approach
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2023)
SAMHSA
Raw: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2023, June 20). Practical guide for implementing a trauma-informed approach. SAMHSA Publication No. PEP23-06-05-005. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/practical-guide-implementing-trauma-informed-approach/pep23-06-05-005
Match: Practical Guide for Implementing a Trauma-Informed Approach
Authors: SAMHSA
Venue: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://store.samhsa.gov/product/practical-guide-implementing-trauma-informed-approach/pep23-06-05-005
The citation includes the correct publication number (PEP23-06-05-005) and points to the official product page.
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Edited
(Mis)understanding trauma-informed approaches in mental health
Sweeney, A.; Taggart, D. (2018)
Journal of Mental Health
DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1520973
Raw: Sweeney, A., & Taggart, D. (2018). (Mis)understanding trauma-informed approaches in mental health. Journal of Mental Health, 27(5), 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1520973
Match: (Mis)understanding trauma-informed approaches in mental health
Authors: Angela Sweeney; Danny Taggart
Venue: Journal of Mental Health
DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1520973

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1520973
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Edited
Giving constitutional effect to the age-based presumption of diminished moral blameworthiness by respecting parliament’s two-pronged test for adult sentence applications pursuant to section 72 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Tasche, H. (2023)
Raw: Tasche, H. (2023). Giving constitutional effect to the age-based presumption of diminished moral blameworthiness by respecting parliament’s two-pronged test for adult sentence applications pursuant to section 72 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act. [Master of Laws]. University of Manitoba. https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/items/b0f4076d-c8eb-4c00-a358-581c9f98cf9e22
Match: Giving constitutional effect to the age-based presumption of diminished moral blameworthiness by respecting parliament’s two-pronged test for adult sentence applications pursuant to section 72 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Authors: H. Tasche
Venue: University of Manitoba
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The work was identified via its institutional repository (MSpace) at the University of Manitoba.
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Edited
Enhanced pre-sentence report (EPSR)
The Sentencing & Parole Project
Raw: The Sentencing & Parole Project. (n.d.). Enhanced pre-sentence report (EPSR). https:// sentencingproject.ca/enhanced-pre-sentence-reports
Match: Enhanced Pre-Sentence Reports (EPSRs)
Authors: The Sentencing & Parole Project
Venue: sentencingproject.ca
DOI:

ISBN:

URL: https://sentencingproject.ca/enhanced-pre-sentence-reports
The upstream report verified the citation as a legitimate web resource for the organization's programmatic offering, adjusting for minor input artifacts.
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Edited
Trauma & violence-informed care (TVIC): A tool for health & social service organizations & providers
Wathen, C. N.; Varcoe, C. (2021)
EQUIP Health Care
Raw: Wathen, C. N., & Varcoe, C. (2021). Trauma & violence-informed care (TVIC): A tool for health & social service organizations & providers. EQUIP Health Care. https://equiphealthcare.ca/files/2021/05/GTV-EQUIP-Tool-TVIC-Spring2021.pdf
Match: Trauma & violence-informed care (TVIC): A tool for health & social service organizations & providers
Authors: C. Nadine Wathen; Colleen Varcoe
Venue: EQUIP Health Care
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
The document is a real resource published by EQUIP Health Care, an initiative co-led by C. Nadine Wathen and Colleen Varcoe.
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Edited
Racism and mental health: The African American experience
Williams, D. R.; Williams-Morris, R. (2000)
Ethnicity & Health
DOI: 10.1080/713667453
Raw: Williams, D. R., & Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The African American experience. Ethnicity & Health, 5(3-4), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/713667453
Match: Racism and Mental Health: The African American experience
Authors: David R. Williams; Ruth Williams-Morris
Venue: Ethnicity & Health
DOI: 10.1080/713667453

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/713667453
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Edited
African American historical trauma: Creating an inclusive measure
Williams-Washington, K. N.; Mills, C. P. (2018)
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12113
Raw: Williams-Washington, K. N., & Mills, C. P. (2018). African American historical trauma: Creating an inclusive measure. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 46(4), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12113
Match: African American Historical Trauma: Creating an Inclusive Measure
Authors: Kristin N. Williams-Washington; Chmaika P. Mills
Venue: Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12113

ISBN:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12113
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Edited
History & Purpose
Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE) (2025)
Raw: Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE). (2025). History & Purpose. https://yaaace.com/about-us
Match: History & Purpose
Authors: Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE)
Venue: yaaace.com
DOI:

ISBN:

URL:
Minor URL path difference (about-us vs about-us/about) is negligible for web citation.